Reconceptualizing Personality Disorders
An Eliminative Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35588/cc.v3i2.5831Keywords:
Mental disorders, Harmful dysfunction, Pathognomonic conditions, Disability, ComorbidityAbstract
Mental disorders can be used to justify medical, psychological, and judicial interventions. Besides enabling psychiatric reimbursements or public health programs and yielding social stereotypes. Nevertheless, the meaning of this concept has not ceased to arouse debate.
I will argue that personality disorders as defined by DSM-5 fail to meet disease’s criteria according to the principal accounts (i.e. bio—statistical health theory, harmful disfunction, or disease entity) due to three independent reasons: (i) each individual disorder lacks clear dys/function candidates, and given the evolutionary psychology’ state of the art, it is unlikely that such candidates can be provided in the near future; (ii) the concept of harm (distress, impairment) applied to personality disorders is socially constituted (albeit not exclusively so), hence is more appropriate to talk about degrees of disability than individual disorders; and (iii) the lack of pathognomonic conditions for each disorder, alongside the high comorbidity and multimorbidity among personality disorders, hinders the current nosology and differential diagnostics validity.
I will propose the elimination of personality disorders from psychiatric nosology as a solution. To eliminate personality disorders doesn’t imply disavowing the suffering of diagnosed individuals, nor ignoring that such suffering predates the diagnostic label (and will outlive it). Thus, a reconceptualization of such suffering in terms of disability, understood from the social model, will be proposed.
Downloads
References
Abouelleil, M., y Bingham, R. (2014). Can psychiatry distinguish social deviance from mental disorder? Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, 21(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2014.0043
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Amundson, R. (2000). Against normal function. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 31(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8486(99)00033-3
Anjum, R. L. y Rocca, E. (2020). When a Cause Cannot Be Found. En R. Anjum, S. Copeland y E. Rocca (eds.), Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient (pp.57-74). Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41239-5_4
Archer, N. M., Petersen, N., Clark, M. A., Buckee, C. O., Childs, L. M. y Duraisingh, M. T. (2018). Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum in sickle cell trait erythrocytes is driven by oxygen-dependent growth inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(28), 7350–7355. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804388115
Banner, N. F. (2013). Mental disorders are not brain disorders. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 19(3), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12048
Bechtel, W. (2007a). Mental Mechanisms. Taylor and Francis. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203810095
Bechtel, W. (2007b). Reducing psychology while maintaining its autonomy via mechanistic explanations. En M. Schouten y H. Looren de Jong (Eds.), The matter of the mind: Philosophical essays on psychology, neuroscience, and reduction (pp. 172–198). Blackwell Publishing.
Bechtel, W. (2009). Looking down, around, and up: Mechanistic explanation in psychology. Philosophical Psychology, 22(5), 543–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080903238948
Bechtel, W. y Mundale, J. (1999). Multiple Realizability Revisited: Linking Cognitive and Neural States. Philosophy of Science, 66(2), 175–207. https://doi.org/10.1086/392683
Bentall, R. P. (1992). A proposal to classify happiness as a psychiatric disorder. Journal of medical ethics, 18(2), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.18.2.94
Beresford, P., Perring, R., Nettle, M. y Wallcraft, J. (2016). From Mental Illness to a Social Model of Madness and Distress. London: Shaping Our Lives.
Bergner, R. M. y Bunford, N. (2017). Mental disorder is a disability concept, not a behavioral one. Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, 24(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2017.0004
Bickle, J. (2003). Philosophy and Neuroscience. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0237-0
Bingham, R., & Banner, N. (2014). The definition of mental disorder: Evolving but dysfunctional? Journal of Medical Ethics, 40(8), 537–542. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2013-101661
Binney, N. (2018). The function of the heart is not obvious. Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences, 68-69, 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.05.003
Boldrini, T., Tanzilli, A., Pontillo, M., Chirumbolo, A., Vicari, S. y Lingiardi, V. (2019). Comorbid Personality Disorders in Individuals with an At-Risk Mental State for Psychosis: A Meta-Analytic Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 429. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00429
Bolton, D. (2008). What Is Mental Disorder? An Essay in Philosophy, Science, and Values. Oxford University Press.
Boorse, C. (1976). What a Theory of Mental Health should be. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 6(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1976.tb00359.x
Boorse, C. (1977). Health as a Theoretical Concept. Philosophy of Science, 44(4), 542–573. https://doi.org/10.1086/288768
Boorse, C. (2014). A second rebuttal on health. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (United Kingdom), 39(6), 683–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhu035
Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20375
Borsboom, D., Cramer, A. O. J. y Kalis, A. (2019). Brain disorders? Not really: Why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X17002266
Bortolotti, L. (2020). Doctors without ‘Disorders.’ Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 94(1), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/arisup/akaa006
Brainstorm Consortium, Anttila, V., Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Walters, R. K., Bras, J., Duncan, L., Escott-Price, V., Falcone, G. J., Gormley, P., Malik, R., Patsopoulos, N. A., Ripke, S., Wei, Z., Yu, D., Lee, P. H., Turley, P., Grenier-Boley, B., Chouraki, V., Kamatani, Y., € y Murray, R. (2018). Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science (New York, N.Y.), 360(6395), eaap8757. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8757
Brown, S., Shankar, R. y Smith, K. (2009). Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 13(4), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/pnp.127
Brülde, B. y Radovic, F. (2006). What Is Mental About Mental Disorder?. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 13(2), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2007.0001
Buller, D. (2005). Adapting minds: evolutionary psychology and the persistent quest for human nature. MIT Press.
Ceusters, W. y Smith, B. (2010). Foundations for a realist ontology of mental disease. Journal of Biomedical Semantics, 1(10). https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-1480-1-10
Chapman, R. (2021). Neurodiversity and the Social Ecology of Mental Functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360–1372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620959833
Churchland, P. M. (1981). Eliminative Materialism and Propositional Attitudes. Journal of Philosophy, 78(2), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil198178268
Craver, C. F. y Bechtel, W. (2007). Top- down causation without top- down causes. Biology and Philosophy, 22(4), 547–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-006-9028-8
Craver, C. F., & Kaplan, D. M. (2011). Towards a mechanistic philosophy of neuroscience. En S. French, & J. Saatsi (Eds.), The Continuum companion to the philosophy of science (pp. 268-292). Continuum.
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2013). Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet (London, England), 381(9875), 1371–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62129-1
d’Huart, D., Steppan, M., Seker, S., Bürgin, D., Boonmann, C., Birkhölzer, M., Jenkel, N., Fegert, J. M., Schmid, M. y Schmeck, K. (2022). Prevalence and 10-Year Stability of Personality Disorders From Adolescence to Young Adulthood in a High-Risk Sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 840608. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840678
Dalmau, J., Gleichman, A. J., Hughes, E. G., Rossi, J. E., Peng, X., Lai, M., Dessain, S. K., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R., & Lynch, D. R. (2008). Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. The Lancet Neurology, 7(12), 1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2
Daly, H. L. (2015). Sex, vagueness, and the olympics. Hypatia, 30(4), 708–724. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12184
Dennett, D. (1987). The Intentional Stance. MIT Press.
Dimaggio, G., Ottavi, P., Popolo, R., y Salvatore, G. (2020). Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429350894
Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G. y Procacci, M. (2007). Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders: Metacognition, States of Mind and Interpersonal Cycles. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203939536
Drescher, J. (2015). Out of DSM: Depathologizing homosexuality. Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5040565
Ferrucci, L. y Studenski, S. (2015). Clinical Problems of Aging. En D. Kasper, A. Fauci, S. Hauser, D. Longo, J. Jameson y J. Loscalzo (eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine - 19th ed. (pp. 70-85). New York, The McGraw-Hill Companies.
First, M. B. (2012). The development of DSM-III from a historical/conceptual perspective. En K.S. Kendler y J. Parnas (eds.) Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry II (pp. 127–140). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642205.003.0020
Franks, B. (2005). The role of the environment in cognitive and evolutionary psychology. Philosophical Psychology, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080500085387
Gazzaniga, M. y Mangun, G. R. (2019). The cognitive neurosciences [6th ed]. MIT Press.
Gescher, D. M., Kahl, K. G., Hillemacher, T., Frieling, H., Kuhn, J. y Frodl, T. (2018). Epigenetics in Personality Disorders: Today’s Insights. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 579. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00579
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2009). Triviality arguments against functionalism. Philosophical Studies, 145(2), 273–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-008-9231-3
Gould, S. J. y Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 205(1161), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
Griffiths, P. E. (1996). The historical turn in the study of adaptation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 47(4): 511–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/47.4.511
Guloksuz, S. y Van Os, J. (2018). The slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum. Psychological Medicine, 48(2), 229–244. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001775
Hacking, I. (1983). Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511814563
Hacking, I. (1995). The looping effects of human kinds. En D. Sperber, D. Premack y A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate (pp. 351–394). Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524021.003.0012
Hacking, I. (2013). Lost in the Forest: Who needs the DSM?. London Review of Books, 35(15), 7-8. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n15/ian-hacking/lost-in-the-forest
Harré, R. (1997). The Singular Self. An Introduction to the Psychology of Personhood. London: SAGE Publications.
Heather, N. (1992). Why alcoholism is not a disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 156(3), 212–215. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb139711.x
Heather, N. (2017). Q: Is Addiction a Brain Disease or a Moral Failing? A: Neither. Neuroethics, 10(1), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-016-9289-0
Heffern, E. F. W., Huelskamp, H., Bahar, S. y Inglis, R. F. (2021). Phase transitions in biology: From bird flocks to population dynamics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288(1961). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1111
Hengartner, M. P. y Lehmann, S. N. (2017). Why psychiatric research must abandon traditional diagnostic classification and adopt a fully dimensional scope: Two solutions to a persistent problem. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00101
Heshka, S. y Allison, D. B. (2001). Is obesity a disease? International Journal of Obesity, 25(10), 1401–1406. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801790
Hesslow, G. (1993). Do we need a concept of disease? Theoretical medicine, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993984
Hofmann, B. (2010). The concept of disease-vague, complex, or just indefinable? Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 13(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-009-9198-7
Hogan, A. J. (2019). Moving away from the “medical model”: The development and revision of the world health organization’s classification of disability. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 93(2), 241–269. https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2019.0028
Hopwood, C. J. (2018). Interpersonal Dynamics in Personality and Personality Disorders. European Journal of Personality, 32(5), 499–524. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2155
Horwitz, A. V. y Wakefield, J. (2007). The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press.
Hucklenbroich, P. (2014). “Disease entity” as the key theoretical concept of medicine. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (United Kingdom), 39(6), 609–633. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhu040
Hucklenbroich, P. (2017). Disease entities and the borderline between health and disease: Where is the place of gradations. En G. Keil, L. Keuck y R. Hauswald (Eds.), Vagueness in psychiatry (pp. 75–92). Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0004
Insel, T. R. y Cuthbert, B. N. (2015). Brain disorders? Precisely: Precision medicine comes to psychiatry. Science, 348(6234), 499–500. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2358
Jablensky, A. (2016). Psychiatric classifications: Validity and utility. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20284
Jefferson, A. (2020). What does it take to be a brain disorder? Synthese, 197(1), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-018-1784-x
Jensen, J. D., Payseur, B. A., Stephan, W., Aquadro, C. F., Lynch, M., Charlesworth, D. y Charlesworth, B. (2018). The importance of the Neutral Theory in 1968 and 50 years on: A response to Kern and Hahn 2018. Evolution, 73(1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13650
Joubert, C. (2016). Are mental disorders brain disorders? Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(3), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.17.3.185
Katz, D. L. (2014). Perspective: Obesity is not a disease. Nature, 508(7496), S57. https://doi.org/10.1038/508S57a
Keil, G., Keuck, L. y Hauswald, R. (2017). Vagueness in psychiatry: An overview. En G. Keil, L. Keuck, y R. Hauswald (Eds.), Vagueness in psychiatry (pp. 3–23). Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0001
Kendell, R. y Jablensky, A. (2003). Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. The American journal of psychiatry, 160(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4
Kingma, E. (2014). Naturalism about health and disease: Adding nuance for progress. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (United Kingdom), 39(6), 590–608. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhu037
Köhne, A. C. J. y Isvoranu, A. M. (2021). A Network Perspective on the Comorbidity of Personality Disorders and Mental Disorders: An Illustration of Depression and Borderline Personality Disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 680805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680805
Kumar, S. y Patel, R. (2018). Neutral theory, disease mutations, and personal exomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6), 1297–1303. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy085
Lakatos, I. (1989). La metodología de los programas de investigación científica. Madrid: Alianza Editorial
Lloyd, E. A. y Gould, S. J. (2017). Exaptation Revisited: Changes Imposed by Evolutionary Psychologists and Behavioral Biologists. Biological Theory, 12(1), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-016-0258-y
Löffler, A., Kleindienst, N., Neukel, C., Bekrater-Bodmann, R. y Flor, H. (2022). Pleasant touch perception in borderline personality disorder and its relationship with disturbed body representation. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00176-4
Ma, G., Fan, H., Shen, C. y Wang, W. (2016). Genetic and Neuroimaging Features of Personality Disorders: State of the Art. Neuroscience bulletin, 32(3), 286–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8
Matthies, S. D. y Philipsen, A. (2014). Common ground in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)–review of recent findings. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-6673-1-3
Melle I. (2013). The Breivik case and what psychiatrists can learn from it. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20002
Moncrieff, J. (2020). "It Was the Brain Tumor That Done It!": Szasz and Wittgenstein on the Importance of Distinguishing Disease from Behavior and Implications for the Nature of Mental Disorder. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 27(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2020.0017
Moncrieff, J. (2022). The Political Economy of the Mental Health System: A Marxist Analysis. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 771875. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.771875
Mulvany, J. (2000). Disability, impairment or illness? The relevance of the social model of disability to the study of mental disorder. Sociology of Health and Illness, 22(5), 582–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00221
Nordenfelt, L. (2018). Functions and Health: Towards a Praxis-Oriented Concept of Health. Biological Theory, 13(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-017-0270-x
Oulis, P. (2012). On the nature of mental disorder: Towards an objectivist account. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 33(5), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-012-9224-2
Pallaro, H.A. y González-Trijueque, D. (2009). Informe forense: imputabilidad y trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. Cuadernos de Medicina Forense, (55), 55-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1135-76062009000100007
Papineau, D. (1994). Mental Disorder, Illness and Biological Disfunction. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 37(1994), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000998x
Parnas J. (2013). The Breivik case and "conditio psychiatrica". World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(1), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20003
Pernu, T. K. (2019). Elimination, not reduction: Lessons from the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and multiple realisation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, e22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X18001139
Peters, B. M. (2013). Evolutionary psychology: Neglecting neurobiology in defining the mind. Theory & Psychology, 23(3), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354313480269
Peterson, D. y Keeley, J. W. (2015). Syndrome, Disorder, and Disease. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp154
Pigliucci, M. y Kaplan, J. (2000). The fall and rise of Dr Pangloss: Adaptationism and the Spandrels paper 20 years later. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01762-0
Polger, T. W. (2015). Realization and multiple realization, chicken and egg. European Journal of Philosophy, 23(4), 862–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12017
Pollak, T. A., Lennox, B. R., Müller, S., Benros, M. E., Prüss, H., Tebartz van Elst, L., Klein, H., Steiner, J., Frodl, T., Bogerts, B., Tian, L., Groc, L., Hasan, A., Baune, B. T., Endres, D., Haroon, E., Yolken, R., Benedetti, F., Halaris, A., Meyer, J. H., € y Bechter, K. (2020). Autoimmune psychosis: an international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30290-1
Purves, D., Augustine, G., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W.C., Lamantia, A., Mooney, R., Platt, L. y White, L. (2018). Neuroscience. [6th Ed]. Sinauer Associates.
Ratti, E. y Germain, P. L. (2022). A relic of design: against proper functions in biology. Biology and Philosophy, 37(4), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-022-09856-z
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. y Kendler, K. S. (2018). Genetics of personality disorders. En C. Schmahl, K. L. Phan y R. O. Friedel (Eds.), Neurobiology of personality disorders (pp. 57–73). Oxford University Press.
Reznek, L. (1987). The nature of disease. Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003283706-5
Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400833061
Ross, C. A. y Margolis, R. L. (2019). Research Domain Criteria: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Potential Alternatives for Future Psychiatric Research. Complex Psychiatry, 5(4), 218–236. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501797
Sacks, O. (2012). Hallucinations. New York: Knopf.
Sarkar, S. (2015). The genomic challenge to adaptationism. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 66(3), 505–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axu002
Schramme, T. (2010). Can we define mental disorder by using the criterion of mental dysfunction? Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 31(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-010-9136-y
Shea, M. T., Stout, R., Gunderson, J., Morey, L. C., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T., Skodol, A. E., Dolan-Sewell, R., Dyck, I., Zanarini, M. C. y Keller, M. B. (2002). Short-term diagnostic stability of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. The American journal of psychiatry, 159(12), 2036–2041. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2036
Smith, S. E. (2020). Is Evolutionary Psychology Possible? Biological Theory, 15(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-019-00336-4
Stoecker, R. y Keil, G. (2017). Disease as a vague and thick cluster concept. En G. Keil, L. Keuck y R. Hauswald (Eds.), Vagueness in psychiatry (pp. 46–74). Oxford University Press.
Szasz, T. (1961). The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct. Harper & Row.
Szasz, T. (2000). Mental disorders are not diseases. USA Today January issue, 30–31. Rescatado de http://www.szasz.com/usatoday.html
Szasz. T. (2001). Mental illness: psychiatry's phlogiston. Journal of Medical Ethics, 27, 297-301.
Telles-Correia D. (2018). Mental disorder: Are we moving away from distress and disability? Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 24(5), 973–977. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12871
Tinkle, B. T., Bird, H. A., Grahame, R., Lavallee, M., Levy, H. P. y Sillence, D. (2009). The lack of clinical distinction between the hypermobility type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and the joint hypermobility syndrome (a.k.a. hypermobility syndrome). American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part A, 149(11), 2368–2370. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.33070
Tyrer, P., Reed, G. M. y Crawford, M. J. (2015). Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder. The Lancet, 385(9969), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61995-4
Uscinska, M., Polla Mattiot, A., & Bellino, S. (2019). Treatment-Induced Brain Plasticity in Psychiatric Disorders. En S. Palermo y R. Morese (Eds.), Behavioral Neuroscience. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85448
van Voren, R. (2010). Political abuse of psychiatry: An historical overview. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 1, 33–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp119
Varga, S. (2011). Defining mental disorder. Exploring the “natural function” approach. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-6-1
Wakefield J. C. (1992). The concept of mental disorder. On the boundary between biological facts and social values. The American psychologist, 47(3), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.47.3.373
Wakefield, J. C. (2006a). Personality disorder as harmful dysfunction: DSM’s cultural deviance criterion reconsidered. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.2.157
Wakefield, J. C. (2006b). What Makes a Mental Disorder Mental? Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 13(2), 123–31. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2007.0010
Wakefield, J. C. (2014a). The biostatistical theory versus the harmful dysfunction analysis, part 1: Is part-dysfunction a sufficient condition for medical disorder?. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy (United Kingdom), 39(6), 648–682. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhu038
Wakefield, J. C. (2014b). Wittgenstein’s nightmare: why the RDoC grid needs a conceptual dimension. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 38–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20097
Wakefield, J. C. (2015). Biological function and dysfunction. En D. Buss (ed.), Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 988–1006). Wiley & Sons. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470939376.ch31
Wang, J., Chen, Z., Sun, W., Zheng, Y., Hui, L., Liu, X., Wang, J., Wu, H., Qiao, Y. y Zhang, T. (2019). A Strategy to Address High Comorbidity of Personality Disorders in a Chinese Population: A Principal and Subordinate Diagnostic Model. Psychiatry, 82(3), 272-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2019.1600218
Wilson, Holly A. (2014). Can Antisocial Personality Disorder Be Treated? A Meta-Analysis Examining the Effectiveness of Treatment in Reducing Recidivism for Individuals Diagnosed with ASPD. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2014.890682
Wrigley, A. (2007). Realism and Anti-Realism about Mental Illness. Philosophical Papers, 36(3), 371–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/05568641.2007.11733499
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Regarding the copyright of the contributions (i.e. articles or others) published or sent to Culturas Científicas, it will be understood that the authors accept the following terms at the time of submitting:
-
The authors will retain the rights of the contributions they submit to Culturas Científicas.
-
The authors accept that their contribution is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) once it is published.
This means that the published contribution may be shared and adapted—even commercially—as long as proper credit is given and no endorsement by the author (i.e. licensor) is implied.
-
Notwithstanding the foregoing, at the time of accepting their contribution, the authors grant its first publication exclusively to Culturas Científicas.
-
Once the contribution is accepted, the authors grant to Culturas Científicas the rights of reproduction and distribution of their article in all countries of the world for their exploitation in any medium, format or support.
-
The authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for the contribution published by our journal (e.g. deposit in archives, publication in other journals, book compendiums or translation) committing to indicate that the original publication was made in Culturas Científicas or publishing the version that already has the identifiers of our journal.
We encourage the authors to spread their articles through the internet in sites designated for it in order to motivate their reading and discussion.
